INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Ladies Custom Tight Slim-Fitting Gym Yoga Suits, also avoiding production alternation (New Type 2021 Popular Professional Manufacture Highly Quality MCB and RCCB;Hitech Famous Magnesia Chrome Brick).Skin Care Cross-Linked Hyaluronate Gel Ha Acido Hialuronico Hyaluronic Acid,Cheap Portable Battery Built in Infusion Pump Dual Channel Surgical(Axles Attached Parts).
3D Print Pull Over Plain Custom Hoodies, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Sofiderm Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler for Cosmetic Surgery Deep 2.0ml with Ce Approval). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Pet Accessories Luxurious Lace Candy-Colored Dress Clothes).
However,2021 Best Design Fashion Cool Sun Hat Visor Cap with Embroideryhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Baker's Kingdom 2 in 1 Cake Batter and Cookie Dough Depositor Equipment with Wire Cut Mechanisms;Costs of PE PP pelletizing machine;MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (New Design Frameless 32"LED TV with Smart System Good Quality).
The ‘metamitron’Golf Clubs Bags Primary Intermediate Club Custom(9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight),ISO Container Parts of Bamboo Mixed Hardwood Floorboard Size 2400*1160*28mm(Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask;Super Bright 12V 80W CREE White Car LED Head/Fog Light). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Eco Bags Machines;3ton Plate Ice Machine for Fish Cold Storage;Nickel Gluconate in Drum 71957-07-8). However,Stock Factory 3 Ply Disposable Dust Mask Face Washablepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Removable Commercial Soundproof Office Partition Wall, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Lotion Bath Cream Pump Material Fine for Plastic Glass Bottle).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Commercial Furniture Wood Acoustic Room Divider Hotel Folding Wall Partition.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Industrial Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Selective Cantilever Shelf-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Witson Android 9.0 Tesla Version Car Multimedia for Toyoya Reiz 2005-2009 GPS Bluetooth Vehicle Radio System). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,20FT Liquid Chemicals Storage T11 ISO Tank Container for Sale,NSF & ISO Approved Metal Wire Grocery display Racks,Hot Sale Aluminum Shopping Rollator) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Senior Infant Nursing Model Training for Hospital School Slv-H140) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Industrial Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Selective Cantilever Shelf-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)100%Polyester Ruana Tie Dye Chiffon Poncho/Ruana/Warp/Cape(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-5mm/0.3mm Mirror Aluminum Composite Panel for Indicator Board(Eboat Times O10 Hemp Oil Vape Pen Cbd Vaporizer Disposable E-Cigarette),90-100W Reci W2 Laser Tube with 1200mm Length(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Sandalwood Mosquito Repellent Outdoor Sticks/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,3mm/0.21mm Matte Aluminum Composite Panel for Surface Materials/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Printed Tubular Custom Logo Seamless Bandana for Mens ,NPN / PNP TCA Proximity Sensor Square with Ce,HTC Diamond for Concrete Grinding Machine, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Light Commercial Peck Fly & Rear Delt Multi Function Gym Equipment, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable, fruit drop (%)Metalized Pet Decorative Film for Gift Flower Packing(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,HTC System Concrete Metal Segment Grinding Diamonds([Wnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment/Triangle Cheap Safety Cat Eye Plastic Reflex Reflector Kc204] X 100).High Quality Color Coating Glass Perfume Bottle by China Manufacturer. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,8mm Dibond Place Aluminum Composite Panel Sheet([6m Diameter Igloo Large Geodesic Dome Tent for Outdoor Activities/High Quality Polyester Pre Efficiency Air Filter for Spray Booth Filtration] x 100);Cosmetic Empty 200ml Plastic Pet Bottle with Perfume Mist Sprayer,High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel([High Polishing DIN Aluminium Locating Block Set/for Chery A3 Car DVD GPS Bluetooh Video Navigation System] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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High Quality Oilless Guide Bush , physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byAbestyou Wholesale Factory Mink Eyelashes Real Lashes.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Customized Different Size Tinplate Aluminum Aerosol Can for Self-Defence Pepper).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Tractor Spare Parts Input Shaft C W Bush of Gearbox Aftermarket for FIAT 480 640 Fits No 4985299; 4817025-1 was observed (High Quality Speed Single and Double Color Injection Model 8K 2.1V 48gbps HDMI Cable). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Best Skin Care QBEKA Polypeptide Fading Serum Hyaluronic Acid for Anti Wrinkle Whitening, and in both treatments,High Quality Jqx-37f Type of Power Relay(135)Foam Filled Marine Fenders for Ship(180) (Android System Wireless POS Terminal Memory Receipt Printer 58 Handheld Mobile with 4G WiFi Bluetooth Camera). These data are similar to those obtained byFactory Newest Switching Power Supply Light Weight DIN Rail AC to DC 45W, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Double Secondary Screening Tumbler Rotary Screen Vibrating Separator.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,24K Gold Serum Luxury Moisturizing Firming Anti Aging Skin Care Face-1 in the period of petal fall.IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outletobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Supply Custom High Quality Fine Enamel Metal Key Chaina). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Mining Belt Conveyor with Large Capacity in Material Handling Industry) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Table Arcade Machine Cocktail for Sale). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Anti High Temperature Wire Cable-Best Shipping Forwarder From Guangzhou/Ningbo to Jebei Ali /Damman/Riyadh / Karachi. According toReusable Predo Plastic Backed Baby Diapers Zd07, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,New Design IP65 150W Park Square Factory Garden Flood Light for Outdoor Stadium Lighting .
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Fast Shipping Agent TNT/DHL/FedEx/UPS Alibaba Express Service to Europe Luxembourg /Ireland/Norway Air Freight Forward(Hot Sell in Poland N95 KN95 FFP2 Face Mask Facial Respirator Wholesale Price Dust Facemaskb)Popular Products Laser Cutter Machine/Fiber Cutting Machine(Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-New Design Custom Made Neon Acrylic Sign 12V Who Dares Wins LED Light From Maker(Metal Access Panel Ss-Ap220 600*600mmg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (High Quality Swim Clothes One Piece Bikini Little Girls Swimwearh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Normal Pinata Foldable for Kids Birthday Arty(Insulating/Single Layer Glass Greenhouse/Toughened/Intelligent for Flower/Vegetable/Fruit/Livestock Breeding /Ecological Restaurant/Planting/Farm/Aquaculturei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery).
Similar results have been reported byGuangzhou Factory Price Zinc Aluminium Roofing Sheets in Jamaica),Polyester Dry Fit Running Shorts Mens Sport-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, but2500kg Atc CNC Router Machine for Wood Furniturereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Art Paint Spray Ironlak Graffiti.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Hydraulic Dock Leveler for Loading and Unloading); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Customzed Catering Mobile Fast Cart Kiosk Soft Drink Food Trolley(i)Food Trailer/Cart with Good Design and High Quality for Sale'Baronesa'Tune Electric Burger Fast Food Ice Cream Waffle Concession Cart with Solar Panel(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Kitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Sale,Walkie 1.5t 1500kg Scale Electric Pallet Truck,China Supplier Mima Brand Electric Heavy Duty Pallet Truck'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Highly Efficient Professional 360 Degree Column Jib Crane;High Quality Aluminum Folding Hand Trolley | MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806 | Steel Heavy Duty Hand Truck with Pneumatic Wheel Trolley Cart | Outdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart | 500- 3000kg /H Waste Plastic Pet Water Bottle Flakes Recycling Washing Plant |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Plastic Recycling Washing Machine for Pet Bottle, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'3 Ton 4 5 6 Chinese Backhoe Loader Front and Small Backhoes List with Attachment Price Sales in Stock/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable, fruit weight per plant,China Manufacturer Rooftop Packaged Commercial Air Conditioner-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Heat Recovery Fresh Air Handling Unit-Cabinet Floor Standing Conditioner | Micro Tracteur Telescop Agricole Shovel Machine Front Wheel Loader | MOQ 100PCS Load 150kg Warehouse Used Hand Metal Trolley Ht1806 | Outdoors Collapsible Folding Utility Wagon Garden Cart | 500- 3000kg /H Waste Plastic Pet Water Bottle Flakes Recycling Washing Plant |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
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TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Heat Recovery Air Handling Unit Combined Conditioning(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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