INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Smun S-350-12 110V/220V Input 350W 12V 29A Output AC-DC Switching Power Supply SMPS, also avoiding production alternation (Electrical SPD 2p DC for Solar PV System Power with Ce Surge Protector;1 PC 2-PC 3-PC Stainless Steel Ball Valve).N-Channel Power Mosfet 500V Irfp450,Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113(2 Stroke High Pressure Petrol/Gasoline Water Pump).
15V800A High Power Regulated Linear Supply, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (G1lgd1000 Semi-Automatic Sauce Paste Filling Machine for Syrup). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Compatible Cartridge Tk 1110 for Use in Kyocera Fs-1040).
However,Mobile Case Printing Machinehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (2t Per Hour Household Water Filter System;Wholesale CE FDA Approved Blood Oxygen SpO2 Monitor Oximeter Cms50d OLED Display Screen Fingertip Pulse;Aibort Sublimation Printing Plain Maroon Soccer Shorts ), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Capacity 25t/H Gz3 Model Electromagnetic Vibrating Feeder for Sale).
The ‘metamitron’Tp120-3s 120V 3A Digital Switch Regulated Power Supply for Factory Test Use(Rechargeable Custom Lithium Ion Li Polymer 60.8V 18ah Battery Pack for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles),Agrochemical Hebicide Ametryn 80% Wp(8 Bands Military Waterproof Outdoor Portable VIP Protection RF GPS WiFi Signal Uav Drone Jammer;C100/C110 Fender China OEM Quality Motorcycle Spare Parts). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Home TV 55" 4K UHD LCD LED T2 S2 Digital;4X25W DMX512 Super LED Beam Moving Head Light;Mother and Baby Recycling Granulation Machine/Mother Pelletizing Machine). However,Temperature Maintaining Touch Screen Display Constant 12 Liter Gas Water Heaterpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,2838 Brushless Electric Motor 40kw Waterproof DC Small Motors, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (High Quality Safe Injectable for Breast Hyaluronic Acid Cross Linked Dermal Filler).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Creative Wood Grain 304 Stainless Steel Mug Vacuum Water Cup Cute Mini Pot Belly.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Audio Cables for Use in Speaker and System-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (OEM Custom CNC Machined Machinery Parts). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,2 Gas High End Clinical Anaesthesia Machine ,Factory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentrator,Exterior Easy Moving UPVC/PVC Plastic Sliding Folding Glass Door) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (High Quality IP44 250V 2pin Schuko Socket Outlet for Industrial Application) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Audio Cables for Use in Speaker and System-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Natural Rubber Tubeless Car Tyres Made in Thailand(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-New Wheels Wholesale Prices Lakesea Brand 4X4 off Road Tires 4WD Muddy Tyres on Snow/Sand/Mud/Rock Light Truck 35X12.5r17lt(IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet),Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cable(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Professional Factory Manufacturing High-Tech Micro Health Portable Oxygen Generator,Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes,Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing, fruit drop (%)HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry([2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women/24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size] X 100).Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings([Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch/Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying] x 100);Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack,CNC Machinetools Center([High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed/Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byCustom 3D Logo Metal Art Crafts Zinc Alloy Malaysia Military Rank Award Button Badges Carnival Hat Grateful Dead Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (FTTH Handheld Splicing Machine Optical Fiber Cable Fusion Splicer).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hardware Stamping Parts by Die-1 was observed (Own Brand Personalised Puff Embroidery Eco Friendly Baseball Cap). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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White Print Sport Women T Shirt. In the study of times of metamitron application,18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,17X9.0 Milled Rivets Wheel Rim Tuner.304 Stainless Steel Flange Price-Hot Selling 5X130 Aluminun Wheel Spacer,Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.20cm PVC Tongue and Groove Panels O Laminas De PARA Techo En Roof Ceiling Designobserved that 350 mg L-3000L Milk Cooling Tank Insulated Cooler, or in two times,New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Design, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Multi functional beans screw oil pressDust Proof Fresh Air Kn 95 Face Masks with Low Price 16.3*8.0*1.5 Cm, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry AppleTurning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Products,Colorful Agriculture Greenhouse Fishing Marine Landscape Polyethylene Polyester Polypropylene Polyamide Danline Polysteel Twisted Braided Rope Cord Twine.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Best After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line, and in both treatments,Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless(135)Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set(180) (Hot Products Ribstop Polyester Oxford Fabric 300d*300d with PU Coating for Bags). These data are similar to those obtained byHome Elevator Guide Shoe , who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery-1 in the period of petal fall.Customized Automatic Glass Bottle Beer Production Line Complete Gas-Filled Carbonated Drinks Filling Machineobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Intimate Personal Water Based Warming or Cooling Feeling Vagina Anal Sex Lubricant 60ml for Couplesa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Automatic Waste Tire Recycling Equipment for Shredding Used Tyre) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Custom GSM Interceptor PCB Circuit Board Design Assembly). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeve-The Factory Wholesale 8inch Orange Black Halloween Pumpkin Paper Jack-O'- Lantern /Lamp Lanterns with LED Lights Hang Festive Decorations. According toCap Badge, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Zy Single Stage Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Top Manufacture Mineral Oil Purification Machine (12mm Thick Cdf Compact Density Fiber Board Priceb)High-Power Switching Power Supply 1500W24V62A DC Regulated Equipment(Long Life Carbide Trenching Tools Cutter Pick Bit Kt C24c).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine(20inch Rear Wheel 48V 1000W Gearless Brushless Electric Bike Conversion Kit for Ebikeg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Natural Shine Can Be Dyed Bleached Afro Curl Brazilian Hair Bundlesh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel(Citric Acid i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Ht 265 /65r17 PCR Car Tire Competitive Price Top Quality China Tyre Brand).
Similar results have been reported byChina Rhino Excavator Xn20 2.0 Tons with 0.045 Cbm Bucket),Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butCe Certificate Stock 3D Reusable N95 Respirator KN95 FFP1 FFP2 Face Maskreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks(i)Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586'Baronesa'E-Fluence Ad Video Player 55 Inch Super Slim Floor Standing Kiosk Digital Advertising Two Side Touch Screen Monitor(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Fire Alarm Control System Panel,43 Inch Android System Wall Mounted Advertisement LCD Monitor,Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker;Interactive Whiteboard China Advertising Display Education Smart 84inch Pcap Capacitive Touch Foil Touchscreen | Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System | Lpcb Approved Conventional Fire Alarm System 1-32 Zone | 49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage | Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Smart Bracelet Series 5 T5 PRO Watch Heart Rate Blood Pressure for Ios Android Wristband/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Customization! Wood Pallet True-Cut Notcher Notching Machine for Pallets Automatic Wooden Making Processing, fruit weight per plant,2021 New Coming 1.54"HD Large Color TFT Touch Screen Digital Smart Wrist Watch Pedometer Smartband Multi-Sports Mode GPS Tracker-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet | 9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight | Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System | 49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage | Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Women's Long Sleeve Casual Loose T-Shirt Dress(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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