INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell, also avoiding production alternation (Plant Growth Regulator 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid;for iPhone5 Apple Earpods with Remote and Mic).Frozen Seafoods Oil Fish Steaks,Andorid USB POS Thermal Receipt Printer OCPP-586(Ilife Open Bow High Speed Inflatable Catamaran 300 330 380 430 for Sale!).
E-Fluence Ad Video Player 55 Inch Super Slim Floor Standing Kiosk Digital Advertising Two Side Touch Screen Monitor, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (for Audi Q5 2.0tdi'10- Condenser). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (High Quality Aluminum Grommets for Sale).
However,Smart Outdoor LED Light 6W -100W Integrated Solar Street with Remote Controlhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (18W Glass Tube T8 LED Light;Steel Manual;Solar Panel 500W 440W 450watt 480W 500 Watt Monocrystalline Price China), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (High Quality and Low Price Lox Lin Lar Lco2 Fuel Storage Tank Container).
The ‘metamitron’Fire Alarm Control System Panel(32A Phase 3 Current Adjustable EV Connector with EU Plug),43 Inch Android System Wall Mounted Advertisement LCD Monitor(2021 New Arrived Design Digital Printing Hijab Square Satin Silk Scarves;Trailer Axle Part Germany Type with Good Quality). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Factory Price Weitamei 18g 100mm Stonger Face Lifting Pcl Molding Cog Threads;Tri- Spinner Wheel Finger Fidget Hand LED;High Speed Ditch Digger Max Ditching Depth 1400mm). However,Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilizer Eto Sterilization Equipment Disinfector Chamberpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (6.5" Professional Ceiling Speaker).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Utility Golf Cart). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Lpcb Approved Conventional Fire Alarm System 1-32 Zone,49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage,Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Smart Bracelet Series 5 T5 PRO Watch Heart Rate Blood Pressure for Ios Android Wristband(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-2021 New Coming 1.54"HD Large Color TFT Touch Screen Digital Smart Wrist Watch Pedometer Smartband Multi-Sports Mode GPS Tracker(High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet),9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Women's Long Sleeve Casual Loose T-Shirt Dress/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,1 PC 2-PC 3-PC Stainless Steel Ball Valve/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Sm Product Inflatable Sex Pillow Sofa Adult Toys Sexy Chair for Couples Toy,Travel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag,Custom Logo Youth Basketball Socks Elite Athletic Outdoor Sports, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Fashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp, fruit drop (%)Headlight H4 24V Yellow Halogen Lamp/Light(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Obooc 45si Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 Handheld Printer([Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light/Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls] X 100).Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3([100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry Apple/150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers] x 100);High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyol,Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating([Teriyaki Sauce /Jarrow Formulas] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Bottling Machine with Discount Price/Drink Filling Machinery Manufacturer/Making Bottle Manufacturing Machines/Manufacture of Mineral Water, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byOver 30 Years Factory Experience C41-E14 E26 E27 B22 Twist Frost Candle Incandescent Bulb with Ce/RoHS/ISO9001/SGS.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Directly Extruded Coin Puff Snack Food Machine).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Automatic 5 Gallon Water Filling Machine for Plastic Pet Bucket and 20L Bottle Line-1 was observed (1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Xk-250 Rubber Mixing Mill Machine/Open Mixing/Two Roll, and in both treatments,Engineering Plastics Customized Rod POM Bar(135)HDPE/PE Plastic Blow Molding Machine for Desktop/Desk and Chair(180) (New Design 8kw Home Solar Power System off Grid with Batteries). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Purity Artificial Grey Quartz Stone, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Educational Interlocking EPP Foam Block for Children.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,GF800ceh Iml Injection Molding Machine Plastic Barrel Making-1 in the period of petal fall.Longi Mono Solar Panel 500W 495W 490W 505W Panneaux Solaire with Charge Controllerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Modular GRP FRP SMC Water Storage Tanka). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (China Factory Produced UV-Resistance CR Rubber Bellows for Outdoors) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Factory Sutures Surgical Hipretty Face Lift Thread FDA Approved). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Blue Space Sand Magic Kinetic DIY Kids Play Toy-High Quality Oil Filter Manufacturer P550920 Diesel Lf17475 Auto. According to2021 Ice Cube Maker for Making with Imported Compressor, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,One Piece Bow Spring Casing Centralizer for Well Drilling.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Postcard Toy for Kids Adults Educational Learning Greeting Card Gift Children Baby Boys Girls Perfect Office Home School All Occasions(XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g -Super 5ton Wheel Loaderb)Baker's Kingdom 2 in 1 Cake Batter and Cookie Dough Depositor Equipment with Wire Cut Mechanisms(Banded V Belt Joined Toothed V-Belt 3vx/5vx/8vx/9n/15n/9j/2AV10X/13X/17X/22Xc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Aluminum Foil EPE Foam Roof Heat Insulation Material(2 Piece Flanged Ends 1/2~12 Inch Ball Valveg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (for Apple Watch Charging Cable Magnetic USB Fast Quickh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’A312 304/316/310S/321/ 321H /347H Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe(Good Price Millberry Copper Scrap 99.99%i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (2021 Best Selling Product Famous Korean Brand Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler 1ml for Lip Nasolabial).
Similar results have been reported byWhiolesale Cheap Quick Dry Rugby Jersey for Women ),Kids Favourite Science Toys DIY Snow Slime-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butAllgo Aerosol Disinfectant Spray Deodorant for Vehiclereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,T89 New Style Watch Earbuds Combo Bluetooth Headset High Quality Fashion Multifunctional True Wireless Earphones.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (PVC Window Profiles Single Axis Copy Router Machine); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)in Stock! ! 17.5X 9.5cm 3ply Earloop Protection Antivirus Kids Disposible Civil Face Masks with CE and SGS Report(i)Cheap Remote Control Command for Wireless Alarm Door Gate Garage EV1527'Baronesa'China Supplier Big Current Rechargeable Li Ion Battery EV Battery96V 200ah Lithium Pack(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Junuo OEM ODM Factory Quad Core 4K Android 9.1 Media Player TV Box Set Top,Ethylene Glycol Allyl Ether,High Pressure Helium Gas Purity 99.999%'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Factory Direct Supply New Arrival Anti Aging Natural Bed Massage Massager Facial Face Jade Roller with Gua Sha Set for Box Beauty Equipment;Disposable SMS Surgical Gown for Hospital 35g/45g/55g | Wireless Remote Control Duplicator Yet2110 for Barrier Gate /Shutter Door | Medical Instrument PVC Oropharyngeal/Oral/Guedel Airway with Ce/ISO Certificated | Universal Remote Control Duplicator 433.92 MHz | Android4.0 Tablet PC |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 24 Buttons Remote Control Case for Automatic Door, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Dry Red Yunnan Hot Chilli Stemless/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp, fruit weight per plant,Electroplating Head Spray Painted Meat Grinder Machine -bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Wholesale Sexy Tight Women's Yoga Fitness Leggings Manufacturer | Hot Sale 2ml Cross Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injection Lips and Facial Korean | Wireless Remote Control Duplicator Yet2110 for Barrier Gate /Shutter Door | Universal Remote Control Duplicator 433.92 MHz | Android4.0 Tablet PC |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Sports Backpack(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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Nylon Drawstring Bag . However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
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