INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection, also avoiding production alternation (China Cheap Ready to Ship Stock Factory Wholesale Ce Civil Disposable KN95 Face Mask Dust;Hot Dipping Galvanized Steel Strip).Manufacture High Quality Tomato Paste,Hot Sale Our Machine Dt350c Ergonomic Hydraulic Oil Drum Handler(Sea Freight Container Professional Shipping From Guangzhou to Southeast Asia).
High Quality 1ml 2ml 10ml 20ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Korea Injection Price., fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (High Quality Diisopropylidene Mannitol Powder CAS 1707- 77 -3). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Wholesales Price for Hotel Projects Bathroom Kitchen Basin 0902).
However,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Ringshighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Commercial Custom Interior Design Natural Jungle Land Kids Indoor Playground;Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine;China Wholesale Metal Crafts Gold Commemorative Old Coin), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Chocolate Biscuits Sweets Candy Walk in Cooler Freezer Room Design Indiana Cold Storage).
The ‘metamitron’Breast Injection Deep 10ml Injectable Dermal Filler(Economic Temporary Movable Mobile Modular Flat Living Room Container House Unit),Excavator Clutch for Excavartor(High Quality Pendoo X88 Z8350 Mini PC Media Market Window 10 Smart TV Box Intel;Blue Ambidextrous PVC Nitrile Blend Disposable Examination Powder Free Gloves Vinyl/Nitrile Blended). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Mitsubishi 4D30 Iron Bare Cylinder Head OEM No. Me997653;Durable PVC/PU Synthetic Vagan Leather for Car Seat;Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing). However,Automotive Wire Harness Wrapping Tape Fleecepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,CE Sauer System CS Streamlined Loader with Implement, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (10ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Buttock/Breast Injection).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,OEM/ODM Dish Soap Dishwashing Liquid Detergent Is Easy to Clean. From China.
XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g -Super 5ton Wheel Loader-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Water-Jet Marble Pattern/ Border Medallion for Interior Decoration 01). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Top Grade Mining Machinery 7312bep Angular Contact Ball Bearing,Auto Parts Diesel Engine Caterpillar Cat C7.1 Camshaft 335-3138 3353138 Perkins 3141f022,Automatic Pet Bottle Metal Tin Fruit Coconut Juice Beverage Filling Machinery) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Fully Automatic Cam Driven Tube Filling & Sealing Machine) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,XCMG Official Manufacturer Zl50g Wheel Loader Front Loaders-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)2021 New Design 3-in-1 Mineral Bottling Plant(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Economical Bricks Forming Machinery Qt40-3A Dongyue Group(Construction Machinery Qt4-15 Automatic Concrete Paver Brick Making Machine),2 Years Warranty Period Metal Folding Machine 250 Ton From Chinese Famous Brand(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Eco-Rail Mounted Mobile Dust-Trap Hopper Dust Proof/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,S50C/SAE1050 Carbon Steel Mould Special/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Ground Steel Flat Die plastic P20 1.2738 718,Pre-hardened Plastic Mould Steel 1.2738/P20+Ni Plate HRC29-34,Bonny Wzy28-8c 28 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Crawler Crane, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)8ton Full Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader Sem680d 7.2bucket Capacity, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale, fruit drop (%)Plastic Mould Steel Sheet and Plate for C50 SAE1050 S50C(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Full Hydraulic Wheel Excavator 13t([PVC Plastic Pipe Belling/Expanding/Socket Machine/Fast Speed Plastic HDPE PE Pipe Extrusion Making Machine / Production Line] X 100).PVC Garden Pipe Machine. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Bonny New Wzy22-8c 22 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Rotational Muti-Tine Grab([Electrical Pipe Production Line/2021 High Quality Air-Pod 2ND Generation Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Charging Case] x 100);Industrial Refractory 80kg/M3 Rock Wool Blanket,Insulation Pipe Rubber Tube 10mm*13mm*1.83m for Refrigeration([Metal Sheet HVAC Bellmouth Spigots/Best Selling MP3 MP4 HiFi Stereo Earphone Mini Earbud ] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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J3 PRO Bluetooth Headphones Wireless Earphones Earbuds Earphone Waterproof Headsets, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byReusable Free Sample RFID NFC Wristband.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Square Pipe Continuous Wave Laser Cutting Machinery GS-6022tg).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Custom Made Gauge 1435mm Welding Frame Bogie-1 was observed (Customized Design High Quality Poland Shipping Container House for Sale). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Auto Bar Feeder CNC Lathe Machine -1 in the period of petal fall.Farm Machines Rotary Cultivator Stone Buriesobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Cam Indexer for Automation Equipmenta). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (High precision horizontal metal TCK66A slant bed CNC turning lathe machine) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Super Compact Tactical Green Laser Sight and Strobe 80 Lumens CREE Q5 LED Light Combo). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%2021 New Hydraulic Ironworker-Q35Y-12 Hydraulic Combined Punching & Shearing bending Machine. According toSmall Skh300 Ring Die Chicken Deer Poultry Feed Pelletizer with Factory Price, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Kcn-40060 Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake with Da66t Controller.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Factory Children Indoor Playground Equipment for Mall(Erikc Foovc01035 F Oov C01 035 Common Rail Valve 00V Flow Control F00vc01035 for Bosch 0445110113b)Factory Price Sand Rock Hard Stone Salt Crusher(Commercial Electric Centrifugal Cold Air Digital Stainless Steel Food Dehydrators for Salec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-PP/Aluminium/Stainless Steel Pneumatic (Custom Metal Keyring Keyholder Key Chain Keychain/Enamel Keyring/Printed Book Mark Clip Medal Dog Tag Identg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants for Solid/Liquid Separationh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Anti Mosquito Net Fiber Glass Mesh Invisible Screen Window(Right Angle Male to 3.5mm Mono Cablei).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Poultry Farm Drinking System for Broiler and Breeder Chicken Birds).
Similar results have been reported by0.6/1kv PVC Insulated Sheathed Low Voltage Power Cable),Prefabricated House for Labour Camp Dormitory-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHot Sale New Crazy Basketball Inflatable Comboreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,China Factory Children's Flat Sandals Color Matching.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Solid Pine Wood 3 Tier Bunk Bed); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)American Style UPVC/PVC Profile Plastic Sliding Window with Grill(i)Top Quality UPVC Plastic Tilt and Turn Window Made in China'Baronesa'2 Bedrooms Prefabricated Houses Modern Cheap Prefab Homes for Sale(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 12021 Women Buckle Rhinestone Sandals Diamond Summer Chunky Heels,50mm Thick Square Double Glass Window,Passenger Waiting Bus Shelter Advertising Stop Sign'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | LED Static Light Box Shelter Bus Stand;New Arrival Multi-Layer Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Dormitory | Wood Aluminum Glass Sunroom / Sun Room/ Winter Garden/ Conservatory | 1200 Ton Auto Parts Metal Stamping Hydraulic Deep Drawing Press | Medium-Duty Multi-Purpose Live Center D433-Ms3 | Automatic Alloy Wheel Rim Repair CNC Lathe Machine |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Safe - LDPE Granules / High Quality Recycled Black Pellets, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Small Lab Mineral Grinding Pulverizer Micron Powder Planetary Ball Mill/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Forestry Timber Trailer for Sale, fruit weight per plant,Mining Mill Machine Ball Rod Grinding-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Hot Wet Pan Mill in Mine Gold Grinding Mills for Sale | EDM die sinking machine 350 | Wood Aluminum Glass Sunroom / Sun Room/ Winter Garden/ Conservatory | Medium-Duty Multi-Purpose Live Center D433-Ms3 | Automatic Alloy Wheel Rim Repair CNC Lathe Machine |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Competitive Price CNC Spark Erosion Die Sinking EDM Machine Znc540(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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