INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Kunshan Yuncheng Nylon Films, also avoiding production alternation (China Manufacture Genour Power Portable Generator 2000W 168f;Modern Designs Enjoy Sun Ray Garden Room Outdoor Patio Roof).Plastic Packaging Materials for Food Bag Making by BOPA Films,LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europe(Virgin Brazilian Human Hair Straight Red Burgundy Women 10-26 Inch).
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However,Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material;2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Pallet Hand-Operated Jack;Vacuum Brazed Segmented 4inch 100*20mm Diamond Blade for Dry Cutting Metal), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Engineered Bespoke & Customized Rooftop Packaged Unit Supplier).
The ‘metamitron’16r 330W Beam Moving Head Light Stage(Drying Machine for Noodle/ Industrial Use Machinery Pasta),Newest Price MID Motor Kit /Tsdz2 36V 350W(Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine;360 Spin Mop Microfiber Lazy Flat with Bucket Scraper Squeegee). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Design;Disposable Diaper Type and Fluff Pulp Material Adult Nappy Pants Manufacturer in China;Gt2 Htd3m 5m 8m 14m Toothed Timing Belt Pulley). However,Joecig Original 5.0ml Prefilled Nicotine Salt Disposable Pod Device 1500 Puffspoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Gym245W 12V TUV Mono Solar PV Panel for off-Grid System, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (China Factory Price Customized Thickness EPDM Rubber Sheet Product).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Factory Manufacture High Efficiency Popular 340W .
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Factory Direct Price Disposable Face Mask Thick 3ply Masks with Comfortable Earloop). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Dlc ETL Cefactory Wholesale Price LED UFO High Bay Fixture Industrial Light IP65 Waterproof ,Factory Price Zinc Air Hearing Aid Batteries A10 A13 A312,Energy Meter Test Bench Double Side Type with Ict) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Tianqiu AG1 Alkaline Battery Lr621 Button Cell Dry Pilas AA Boton De Bateria Litio) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,330W Beam Spot Moving Head Stage Light-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)99.9% Ybco Sputtering Target for Coating(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Super Strength PE Braided Fishing Line 100m 500m 1000m 4 8 Strand Japanese Material(Water Paints Vibration Screen),Professional Fishing Equipment Nylon Net Decorative(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-High Quality Monofilament Fishing Net Nylon/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Manual Powder Gun GM03 Corona Ring PC05 #1008 165/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Glass Polishing Abrasive Brown Fused Alumina Bfa for Sand Blasting,Original M4 Module for Staubli Jacquard,Adult No Screws Metal Bunk Beds, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Highly Effective Amicarthiazol + Thiram 15% Fs Pesticide, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Tkf16r Carbide Indexable Turning Grooving Insert with PVD Coated, fruit drop (%)Powder Painting Strong Metal Steel Iron Bunk Bed/Double Bed(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Australia as 2047 Double Glazed Casement Window([Automatic Robitic Arms Liquid Spray Production Line for Metal Product/High Quality PVC/ UPVC Door Factory Price] X 100).Gw Carbide - Tungsten End Mills 4 Flutes Ball Nose Mill. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,410 Foshan Stainless Steel Circle of Best Quality([Gw Carbide- 4 Flutes Ball Nose End Mills Blue Nano Coating for Stainless Steel/Harden Steel/PVC Beach Men Slippers] x 100);Home Use Maize and Fertilizer Walker Planter Agricultural Machine,Solid Carbide Cutter Wood Cutting Tool Compression Cutters for([Custom Blank PVC Ladies Slipper Slides Sandals for Women/2021 Hot New Design Kids Sandals Girls Hard Sole Leather Boys with Back Strap] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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PS Disposable Take Away Coffee Paper Cup Lid, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byKitchen Equipment Ice Cream Machine Coffee Making Food Cart for Sale.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Csbattery 2V200ah Tubular Plates Opzv Rechargeable Battery for Solar/UPS/LED-Light/Solar-System/Emergency-Power-Systems/Boo).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Lovely Jacquard Pattern Twinset Children Knitted Winter Beanie Hat and Scarf-1 was observed (Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Car Tyre Passenger PCR Aplus Tire, and in both treatments,Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Strip for Cable(135)off Road 4X4 Car Tires for Sale 225/45 R17 205/45(180) (Kaishan LGCY-22/20 Yuchai Diesel 20bar Screw Compressor for Drilling Rig). These data are similar to those obtained byDetergent Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulphate , who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Hot Dipping Galvanized Steel Strip.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,11L-15/16 Top Trust Brand Bias Tire with F-3 Pattern-1 in the period of petal fall.Cold Heading Forging Swch10A Saip Annealed Wire Rod Low Carbon Chq Steel for Making Fastenerobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Cotton Linen Swing Dress Desinger Clothing Manufacturer in Chinaa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Marquees for Weddings Marriage Tents Tent) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Metal Wire Tensile Testing Machine with Computer Control). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%High Quality Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet -10ml Plastic and Glass Small Travel Perfume Bottle. According toColombia Printing Surface Price PVC Wall Panel China, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,DIN Standard Factory Price Korean Quality Rechargeable Mf Car Battery 12V 75ah.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Pharmaceutical Equipment High Efficient Tablet Sugar Film-Coating Machine (Bubble Padded Envelope Postage Bag Custom Printed Express Mailing Packing Shipping Mailerb)Four Shaft Shredder(Top Quality Food Grade Material 300mAh Battery Vape Pod Cartridgec).
Industrial Device Energy Batteryevaluated the use of metamitron at concentrations ranging from 0 to 990 mg L-1 applied in the thinning of “Golden Delicious”Foodstuff Scilating Granulator & Pulverizer , and the application of 990 mg L-1 determined the reduction of 8.5% in production per plant and 35.8%PC Sheet Soundproof 3.5mm Poly Panels for Embossed Sound Barrier.
The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Pharmacy Industry 316 Stainless Steel Magnetic Filter(14inch Self Priming Sewage Pump Driven by Diesel Engineg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (TBR Tire Radial Truck Tyre 295/80/22.5 315/80r22.5 385/65r22.5h).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Energy Saving Waste Tyre Shredding and Recycling Plant Price Tire Business(Hnx Through Type Waterproof Ex Cable Gland M48i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Auto Spare Part 23300-0L020 Fuel Filter Assembly for Toyota Hilux 1kd 2kd).
Similar results have been reported byHome Garden Plant Kits Small Greenhouse Hydroponics System),Co-Extrusion UPVC Profile for Window Doors Without Le Waterproof PVC Windows /UPVC Profile/Plastic-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butSafety Guard Stainless Steel Pipe Bollardsreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Plastic Textile Yarn Dyeing Bobbin.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Horizontal lathe machine QK1322 Mini metal); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Hot Selling Science Laboratory Furniture Full Steel Working Desk(i)CNC Milling Machine 5 Axis Vmc640 Machining Center'Baronesa'Metal Lathe CNC Ck0680 Flat Bed Machinery(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Ck0640 CNC Turning Machine Small Lathe,Used School Furniture Epoxy Resin Powder Coated Lab,CNC Lathe Machine Tool Manufacturer'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Swing Over Bed 560;138X20mm Durable Composite WPC Solid Decking for Outdoor Decorative | Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing | Hot Sales Large Horizontal Lathe Machine with 50 Years Experience | Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank | Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
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TABLE 2Factory Manufacture 9.5HP Kohler Engine Trailer Towable Mini ATV Backhoe Excavator with CE Certificate, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'High Purity Artificial Grey Quartz Stone/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Tkf16r Carbide Indexable Turning Grooving Insert with PVD Coated, fruit weight per plant,High Precision Q1325/Q1327 Chuck Big Hole Threading Horizontal Pipe Thread Lathe Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 6.5HP Gasoline Motor Agricultural Irrigation Water Pump Price List | 20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container House | Hobby Metal Lathe Machine for Mini Precision Parts Processing | Anti-UV Anti Fading Hollow Composite Wood Deck Floor Alfresco Embossed Decking Plank | Building Materials for Quartz Stone Solid Surface Tabletop |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Economic Prefabricated Modular Bungalow House(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
Coriolis Mass Liquid-Gas Flow Meter for Marine Diesel Fuel Oil‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,2021 Chinese New Fresh Red Delicious FUJI Apple.
Apple. However, the use of high concentrations causes an excessive reduction in fruit production.
Apple Ring .
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