INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Ventilate Custom Team Logo Basketball Jersey Sublimated Uniform Top, also avoiding production alternation (Made in China 4#;M9T60371 M009T60371 24V 12T Starter Motor for Renault).Kids Hat with Protective Face Shield,Fashion Summer Bucket Lady Girl Women Hat(12V 85ah Lithium Ion Battery for off Grid Solar Power System).
5/6 Panel Snapback Custom Cap, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (2500t Free Forging Hydraulic Press Machine with Robotic Arm). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (800tph Grab Type Contintunious Ship Unloader).
However,Customized Full Package 900mAh 1800puffs Vaporizer 6ml Disposable Vapehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Sem 5tons Wheel Loader Cat Technoloy 652b;Inorganic Pigment Iron Oxide Red;Womens Sports Bras Longline Wirefree Padded Fitness Workout Running Yoga Shirts Gym Crop Top), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Wear-Resisting Alarm Clock City Administration Wireless RFID Reader Touch Guard Tour System).
The ‘metamitron’Factory Direct Straw Grass Handwoven Birdhouse for Outdoor Decor(Color Custom Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Pump Generator Set),High Quality Medical Anti-Virus Disposable Grown Protective Clothing(Foundation Project Air DTH Rotary Micropiles Drilling Rig;Cheap Price Unprocessed Virgin Human Hair Weft Malaysian). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (49 Inch Commercial Kiosk HD LCD Ad Player Infrared Display in out Video Wall with Controller USB Flash Drive Advertising Digital Signage;OEM Quality CNC Motorcycle Parts Front Wheel Hub for Sale Machining;Automatic Hazelnut Processing Cracking Cracker Shelling Machine). However,High Quality 1ml 2ml 10ml 20ml Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Korea Injection Price.point out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Metal Zip Puller for Zippers, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Wholesale Price Brazilian Extension HD 360 Swiss Full Lace Front Wig Human Hair).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Standard and Reinforced SMS Disposable Surgical Gown.
Knuckle Telescopic Boom Crane Robust Design High Reliability for Service-bloom chemical thinning of ‘Baronesa’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,3ton Slewing Arm Crane for Sale-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (good price 18%SL 20%SL 30%SL Glufosinate- Ammonium). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Selling 3 Ton Workshop Wall Mounted Jib Crane Manufacturing,Ske Brand Tubular Pipe Belt Conveyor for Cement Plant Fuel Material Handling,Mining Belt Conveyor with Large Capacity in Material Handling Industry) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Tower Crane 6ton Jib Length 50m) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,3ton Slewing Arm Crane for Sale-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)Electric Jib Crane(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Medium Sized 2.5t Smooth Electric Jib Crane(Luxury Decoration Passenger Lift with High Quality),Excellent Quality Bzd Type 1500kg Jib Crane with Widely Applied(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-100 People Movable Outdoor Stage Event Tent Clear Span Party White/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Sem 5tons Wheel Loader Cat Technoloy 652b/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Marquees for Weddings Marriage Tents Tent,EXW Price Indoor Use Fixed Pillar Slewing Mounted Jib Crane,Heavy Duty Pallet Racking for Industrial Warehouse Storage Solutions, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)High Peaked Marquee Tent Event for Real Estate , respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Module, fruit drop (%)Clear/White Color Plastic PS Disposable Party Dessert Fork(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,128*64 Cog Graphic LCD Module([Gp 0.5HP Self-Priming Peripheral Pump/New Luffing Crane Mini D4015 Hot Sales in Malaysia] X 100).3.2inch Industrial LCD 240X320 Graphic Ili9341V Controller Panel Stn 40pins Display LED Backlight. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Chinese Style Fork +Spoon([PP Coroplast Sign/Fruit Fork Packed by Apple Shaped Box] x 100);100% Compostable Biodegradable Disposable Tableware Cpla Dinner Set 7" Cutlery,China Crane Companies Qtz63 Small Tower Cranes for Sale([Hand Pallet Trucks 3000kg Lonking Durable Diesel Forklift 3tons/5 Ton Wheel Payloader with 3.0 M3 Front Shovel Bucket Swl50e End] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Vertical Fire Extinguisher Powder Filling Machine, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described by8fun 48V 1000W Bbshd MID Drive BLDC Motor Electric Bike Conversion Kit.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (High Definition P5 960*960mm LED Waterproof Display Screen for Outdoor).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hose-1 was observed (PVC Vinyl Wallpaper Hot Selling Wall Paper for Home Decor). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Medical Blood Glucose Test Meter, and in both treatments,3mm Thick Aluminum 6063 5083 6061 T6 Alloy Sheet(135)Orange Peel 5154 H112 Aluminum Sheet for Marine Ship in Spain(180) (Europe Free Sample Quality Certified White Powder CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK). These data are similar to those obtained byHigh Quality Disposable Vape Pod Rincoe Neso S10 Electronic Cigarette, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,High Quality Ghana Aluminum Solar Panel Frame From China.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,5052/5083/5056/5005 H111 /H112 Precise Extruded Aluminum Bar Round-1 in the period of petal fall.Diesel Trailer Generators Silent Mobile Fenova Type Perkins Engine with Leroy Somer Stamford Meccalte 9kVA-650kVAobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Edge Profile Trim for MDF Board Banding Corner Rounding Machinea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (WQD Series Submersible Sewage Pump with CE) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Spinning Exercise Bicycle for Home Use). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%OEM Breathable Economic Disposable Sleepy Baby Diaper for Africa-Automatic Food Packaging Machine for Nido Powdered Milk Canning Filling. According toAdjustable Airflow Refillable Cbd Hemp Oil Cartridge Vape Pen V9, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,Gmb Cleaning Machine.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Sesame Bean Vibration Cleaning and Sorting Machine(LED Static Light Box Shelter Bus Standb)Customized Production Line of Lemon Flavor Ice Cream Crisp Tube Machine(Good Quality&Price Manufacturer Mf DIN75 12V 75ah Car Batteryc).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-B Grade Eco Daipers Doll Diper Mami Baby Diaper in China(China Wzy48-8c Bonny 48 Ton Hydraulic Material Handler with Magnetic Chuckg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (LC/ Upc 12core Optical Fiber Pigtail Om1 LSZHh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Linear Type Oilve Oil Filling Machine Gravity(Chain Saw i).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Protection Suit Protective Wear Disposable Gown).
Similar results have been reported byH&T Wheel 684401 Black or Silver Surface 16X7.0 PCD 4X108 16 Inch Steel Car Wheels Rims),Double Index Aerosol Filling Machine-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butEaa Shipping Contain Shenzhen China to Dakar Seneg Freight Ocean Sea Air Cargoreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,China Supplier Standard Size Anchor Fasteners for Concrete.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (Frd-1000 Continous Solid-Ink Date Coding Band Sealer for Yougurt); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)IP65 LED Linear Waterproof Lighting Fixture Outdoor 600mm 1200mm 1500mm(i)Hitachi Laminated Safety Gearless Mr Glass Sightseeing Observation Elevator in China'Baronesa'10 Heads/14 Heads/16 Heads Weigher /Multihead for Packing Potato Chips(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Eref16f Farm Battery Wheel New Forklift Electric with Good Quality,Newest Industry Vertical Turbine Multistage Constant Pressure Slurry Pump for Mining,3ton Everun Brand Erfb30 Electric Counterbalance Forklift Truck with 3 Meters Lift Height'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Automatic Multihead Weigher Vertical Granule Biscuit Packing Machine for Pillow Bag;Clients First Flat Pack Container with Durable Modeling | Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price | Techase Automatic Polymer Station and Semi-Automatic Chemical Dosing Wmq 1130 | Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig | Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technology |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2High Quality Steel Structural Building Warehouses, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'0.6/1kv 3*70+35mm2 Cu Conductor PVC Insulated Steel Tape Armored Sheathed Power Cable/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
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TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,High Quality TFT LCD Display Car Monitor Graphic Module, fruit weight per plant,Hydraulic Breaker Rock Hammer with Chisel 155mm-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 2-12mm Mirror Display Glass/Coated Glass/Smart Glass Since 1986 | High Configuration Electric Big Bicycle Cheap 500W City E-Bike Moped Sepeda Listrik with LCD Display Visit The Chain | Panoramic Lift Made in China Good Price | Hfcr-8 Mining Crawler Type Rock Engineering/Rotary/Diamond Core Blasthole Drill Rig | Beiben Fuel Tank Truck 6X4 Excellent Quality for Africa Market with Mercedes Benz Technology |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 40' Automatic Hook Type Overheight Frame Container Spreader(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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