INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,15-400 Ton C-Frame Single Point Sheet Metal Progressive Die Stamping Hydraulic Power Press, also avoiding production alternation (Hpsen Inboard Semi Trailer Parts13t Axle 16t Manufacturer;LED Solar Street Light 100W 120W 150W with Mono Poly Panel to Africa North America South Southeast Asia Europe).Hot Forging Parts Forged Steel Plant Machining Spare Part,Customized Pre Engineered Steel Structure Stadium Building (TUV Ce IP65 LED Tri-Proof Light Waterproof IP69K Lighting Fixture for Extremely Environments).
Electric Clamshell Bucket Grab Price, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Hot Selling Skt Zh E-Cigarette Pods Starter Kit Vape Pen 450 mAh with Lanyard Blue Puff). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (Food Material SS304 Sprouting Lid for Regular Mouth Mason Jars).
However,Factory Sale Hospital 24 Hours Working 2L Oxygen Generator Machine Concentratorhighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (New Style Office Metal Wood Partition;Factory Direct Straw Grass Handwoven Birdhouse for Outdoor Decor;LED Overhead Surgical Lights Used in Operating Room), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Sabic LLDPE 218W Price).
The ‘metamitron’Whiolesale Cheap Quick Dry Rugby Jersey for Women (Semi Automatic Micro Dosing / Powder Filling Machine),China OEM Customized Metal Forging Parts Forged Agricultural Machines(Mpd Insulated Bullet Male Disconnects;Hot Selling Rear Shock Suspension 26'' Aluminum Alloy Frame MTB Mountain Bicycle). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (28mm High Quality Hand Trigger Sprayer with Confortable Wrench;CNC Machining Matte Surface Carbon Kiteboard Hydrofoil Manufacturer Parts;55HP 2WD 4WD Farm Tractor with Discount Price Tt550 Tt554). However,20/40FT Modified Modular Prefabricated Movable Shipping Container Housepoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Breathable Customized T-Shirt /Quick-Drying, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Wholesale Exposed Toe Suede Hollow Sling Cross Straps Wzipper The New Sandals).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Electric Hydraulic Grab Bucket for Scrap.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (High Capacity Gold Mining Hpt800 Cone Crusher with Coarse Cavity). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Excavator Hyundai R210 -7 R2200-7 R210LC-7A R225-7 R220-5 R260-5 Hydraulic Pump 31n6-10051,12V 12ah 6FM12 Inverter Battery,Parker Standard NBR Nitrile Rubber O-Rings) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Supplier 1.2mm Aluminium Foil Self-Adhesive Bitumen Waterproof Membrane Construction) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,6063t5 Anodizing Aluminium/Aluminum Extruded CNC Machinedtube-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)En 1.4373 Stainless Steel Plate Price(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Low Noise High Efficiency Electric Stationary Rotary Pm VSD Screw Type Air Compressor for Industrial(10.1 Inch LCD Screen Module 1280X800 IPS View 1000 Nit),2.4 Inch 240*320(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Wholesale Coupling Direct Oil Injected Two Stage Stationary Rotary Screw Low Pressure Air Compressor OEM Seller with Noise/High Efficiency/Attractive Price/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,AC Power Stationary Lubricated Direct Driven Screw Air Compressors/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Customize Logo on USB Lightning Cables,3.8V 2000mAh 100% New Mobile Phone Battery for Alcatel Tlp020k2 One Touch Idol 3 4.7 6039y 6039h 6039k,Hydraulic Self Propelled Scissor Man Work Platform Lift, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Petroleum Asphalt/Emulsified Asphalt Bitumen for Sell, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter, fruit drop (%)23 CTO Activated Carbon Block Filter Cartridge(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Laser Cut Embroidery Badge Iron on Patch for Garment([Weho Nes Series 350W 15A 24V AC DC Power Supply/Wholesale Custom Metal Art Crafts Spain Police Military Aircraft Model Challenge Coin Playing Cards Game Souvenir Coins Zinc Alloy Corporate Travel Gift Tokens] X 100).Modern Simple Mini Hanging Lighting Glass Bulb Pendant Light for Kitchen Decoration. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,201 Bright Handrail Rectangular Tubing with Promotion Price([Acoustic Panel for Wall Covering Customized/Interior Wall Paneling Sound Insulation Fabric Acoustic Panel] x 100);Theater Wall Panel Wooden Soundproof MDF,Acoustic Sound Fireproof 3D PVC Wall Board for Furniture Stores([Building Construction Anti UV Outdoor Wood Composite Wall Panels/Chinese Natural G439 Slabs Big Flower Beta White Granite for Kitchen Bathroom Countertop Interior Exterior Wall Floor Tiles] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Home Use on-Grid Solar Power System with Inverter 4kw, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byNamed Mk Electric Bike for Adult.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Wireless Car Charger Mount 15W Qi Fast Charging Auto-Clamping Windshield Dash Air Vent Phone Holder Compatible with iPhone 11/11 PRO/11 PRO Max/Xs/X/Xr).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hex Key Wrench Spanner for Bolt Allen Carbon Steel Nickel Plated-1 was observed (Electrical Pipe Production Line). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Scrap Copper Wire Is Supplied by Chinese Factory Directly 99.97%, and in both treatments,Posco/Lisco/Tisco/ Baosteel Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Coil (135)Inox 304 Ss Perforated Sheet Brushed No. 4 Mirror(180) (Hot Selling Modern Polyester Fabric Shade Roller Blinds). These data are similar to those obtained byWnq Brand Multi Function Bench Home Gym Equipment, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Highly Abrasion Resistance Sandblasting Rubber Hose.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Sand Blast Hose Abrasion Resistance-1 in the period of petal fall.Mini Laser Engraving Machine CNC Engraverobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Diesel Braided 3/8" Marine 15mm SAE 30r7 Corrugated Fuel Dispenser Pump Hosea). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Creative Interlaced Rope Design Ring 925 Sterling Silver High Quality Fashion Jewelry for Trendy Women) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (6063 T5 6060 T6 Aluminum Tubes for Compressed Air System). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Flexible Wear Resistant Dredging Hose-Yellow Polyester-Cotton Washable Mop Head. According toBrass Nipple Plug for Mold Components, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,360 Spin Mop Microfiber Lazy Flat with Bucket Scraper Squeegee.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Latest Design Double Toughened Glass Aluminum Casement Window(Disposable Mask 5-Layer Civilnon-Woven Factory Supplier Ear-Loopb)Replacement Latest Design Burglar Proof Steel Tilt-Wash Opening Aluminium Casement Windows(Wholesale Price Food Grade Additives Sodium Benzoatec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Zinc Alloy Die Cating Barrel Keyring(P2.5mm 500mm*500mm Indoor Full Color LED Display Screeng).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Newest Style Mami Nursing Disposable Breast Padsh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Hot Sale Gr2 Gr5 Titanium Bar(2A12 High Quality Aluminium Sheet for Aerospace Structural Partsi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (Hds-2000 Ce Approved Surgical Electric Medical Operating Table).
Similar results have been reported by100% PLA Biodegradable Disposable Tableware),Chinese Manufacturer Auto Parts Clutch Disc OE 028 141 034n for VW Passat Golf-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butOBD GPS Tracker with Obdii Diagnostic Function Check Engine Data Tracking Device for Carreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Vegan 5PCS Cosmetic Brush Set Makeup Cosmetics.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (China Fashion Sports Shoulder Handle Travel Backpack Bag); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)Reflective Safety Hi Vis Workwear(i)International Air Cargo From China All City to Brazil by Professional Logistics Service'Baronesa'Hi Vis Safety High Visibility Fluorescent Reflective Vest(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Quality 72 Inches XPE Surfboard with Reasonable Price ,Self-Heating Pain Releif Patch ,Hi -Vis Class 3 Waterproof 3-in-1 Thermal Bomber Jacket Uniform Parka'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Prevent Wound Infection After Vaccination/I. V Cannula Fixing Dressing/Vaccine Patch;Home Hotel Antibacterial Sanitized Microfiber Polyester Quilts Comforters | China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts | Australia Standard Eucalyptus Plywood F17 Formwork to As6669 Construct Linyi | 2oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glass | Custom 3D Logo Metal Art Crafts Zinc Alloy Malaysia Military Rank Award Button Badges Carnival Hat Grateful Dead Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 275 Hand Sanitizer with Shipping Price, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'K4 Full-Auto Plastic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Blowing Mold Locking Uniform/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Activated 10 Inch Carbon Block Cartridge Filter, fruit weight per plant,Dissolved Air Flotation Equipment Daf Machine for Wastewater Treatment-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 500ml 75% Alcohol Disinfectant Antibacterial Liquid Disposable Hand Sanitizer Gel | Wholesale High Quality 250ml Tin Nice Beverage Drinking Can | China Fabricated OEM Metal Machinery Parts | 2oz Plastic Disposable Shot Glass | Custom 3D Logo Metal Art Crafts Zinc Alloy Malaysia Military Rank Award Button Badges Carnival Hat Grateful Dead Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | 15 New Jbl Powerful HiFi Home Theater Wireless Bluetooth PA Professional Karaoke Party Trolley Loud Audio Battery Speaker(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
15kHz Long Distance Ultrasonic Transducer for 50m‘Baronesa’ apple tree, and when applied at petal fall,Fully Stocked LC Single Mode Quad Plastic Fiber Optic Adapter.
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