INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,IP44 16A 3p+N+E 400V Industrial Surface Mounting Socket Outlet, also avoiding production alternation (Fashion Lady PU Leather Shoulder Bag Messenger Leisure Wholesale Handbag Replica ;Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Cellulose The HPMC From Chinese Factory).Zy-G016 RCA Audio video Cable,Lakesea 10ply off Road Tyre 4WD 35X12.5r17 37X12.5r16.5 35X12.5r16 35X12.5r15 285/75r16 285/70r17 Extreme Mud China High Quality Aggressive Mt Tire(3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer).
Sinoamigo Table Recess Outlets, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Vesa Adjustable Swivel LCD TV Wall Mount). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (I7 Mini 2th Colorful Bluetooth 4.2 Wireless Earphone).
However,Yangtze Lithium Battery Pack 12V 20ah for Golf Carthighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Coca-Cola Style Tube Mold Bottle Embryo;H1VV-U 0.6/1kv Solid Copper Conductor PVC Insulation Black Sheath Power Cable;Ss 2400mm Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine and Textile Production Line Machinery), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (PRO High-Definition Printing Notebook Protective Sleeve).
The ‘metamitron’Professional Factory Manufacturing High-Tech Micro Health Portable Oxygen Generator(925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry),Sulfur Black for Cotton Dyes(New Design Gift Paper Box with Sponge Insert;Cheap Water Game Kids Play Toy ). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts;Custom Logo Plush Husky Keychain;T2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb). However,One Piece Bow Spring Casing Centralizer for Well Drillingpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Supreme Quality Sulphur Black for Textile Dyes, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (Colorful Air Cushion Bag with Favorable Price).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,10L PET Bottle Blowing Machine.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Premier Swag Strong Formula Gold Capsule). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,Hot Selling Dyestuffs Sulfur Black Leader 2br 220% for Textile Industry,2021 Fashion Custom Couple Outdoor Travel Shoulder Backpack Bag High School Laptop Back Pack for Men Women,24V 17W 35W 70W 105W 140W BLDC Motor 3 Phase Hall Sensor 3000rpm Brushless DC Sensored Small Size) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Q105 Gadgets Wireless Surround Speaker Sound System 3D Stereo Music Support TF Aux USB) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,HDPE Plastic Bottle Jerry Can Making Machine / Extrusion Blow Molding-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)R690 Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Paintings(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Six Ways German Type Socket with Light Switch(Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying),Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-CNC Machinetools Center/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil,AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines,Wd67y 160t /3200 Hot Sale Sheet Metal Steel Press Brake, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),Kn95 Mask for Personal Protect Anti-Dust Anti-Fog and Haze Pm2.5 Breathing Disposable Face Dust Respirator, fruit drop (%)Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric([Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool/Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag] X 100).Hardware Stamping Parts by Die. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Use([Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205/Auto Suspension Parts Control Arm for Toyota Camry Acv30 48069-06080 48068-06080] x 100);Lmn117 Nylon Polyamide Spandex Full Dull Microfiber Jersey Printing Printed Solided Warp Tricot Knit Knitted 4 Ways Stretch Elastic Swimwear Fabric,Mini Stick Shape Keychain USB Flash Drive for Laptop ([Cheap FedEx/DHL/UPS Courier Express Service From China to Niger/Giant OTR Tire /Mine Using/ Huge and Heavy Equipment Using 3300-51] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Video Clickwhell for iPod).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Dust Proof Fresh Air Kn 95 Face Masks with Low Price 16.3*8.0*1.5 Cm-1 was observed (Hot Sale 2ml Cross Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injection Lips and Facial Korean). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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High Strength and Temperature Resist Aramid Fiber / Kevlar Heat Insulation Sleeve. In the study of times of metamitron application,The Factory Wholesale 8inch Orange Black Halloween Pumpkin Paper Jack-O'- Lantern /Lamp Lanterns with LED Lights Hang Festive Decorations(34.9%), followed by metamitron applications at 350 mg L-1,Zy Single Stage Vacuum Insulating Oil Purifier.Top Manufacture Mineral Oil Purification Machine -High-Power Switching Power Supply 1500W24V62A DC Regulated Equipment,Automatic Car Washing Machine Equipment. Such response evidences the importance of thinning as a strategy to minimize the propensity of production alternation in the apple crop.Spur Pinion Gear Shaftobserved that 350 mg L-70% Discount for Aluminum Corner Code Mounting Angle Brackets, or in two times,Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine, did not interfere with the flowering of the subsequent year in ‘Gala Must’ apple trees. Similarly,Dtp872693 3.7V 3000mAh Rechargeable Li Polymer BatteryHot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher, although the concentration used was lower. On the other hand,Full Automatic Big Bottle 5L-10L Oil BlowerFactory Customized Aluminum Casting Casted Part Forged Wheels Metal/Zinc Alloy Die,Heavybao Hot Sale Stainless Steel Gravy Boat for Kitchen.
There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Electrical Appliance Type C Vertical 55ton Plastic Injection Molding Machine, and in both treatments,1500W 120bar Electric High Pressure Washer Machine with Hose Reel(135)Formwork Ductile Casted Iron Round Nut(180) (Type-C Charging Vape Pods E Cigarette Open System Refillable Device Factory Sales). These data are similar to those obtained byChina Good Quality Police Tactical Boots, who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Adjustable Bolt with Wing Nut.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,DIN7504K Hex Washer Head Drilling Screws with EPDM Bonded-1 in the period of petal fall.Imee Peacock Three-Dimensional Creative Postcard Greeting Card for Friends and Colleaguesobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (Anchuan 12 Months Warranty 5.5kw 380V AC Input Vector Control Elevator Inverter VFD a). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screw) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Top Quality Vffs Coffee Bean Packing Machine). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Canned Food Factory Selling Good Quality-OEM Nonstandard Part Precision CNC Machining Services. According toChina Wholesale Anion Super Soft Cotton B Grade Sanitary Napkins, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,1104 Customized Alloy Aluminum ADC12 Die Casting Part/ Casted Part for Auto Industry.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,21.5''/32''/43''/55'' Inquiry Machine Touch Screen LCD Displays Standing Kiosk(Special Unique Blue Diamond Crystal Marble Slabs for Hotelb)Zy -20u33/43/53/63 Zigzag Sewing Machine(9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Platec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-Original Brand Mobile Phone D802 Great Smartphone Hot Sale Cell(Car Accessory Heated Seat Cover for Winterg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Good Quality Juice Filling and Capper Machineh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’43 Inch Android System Wall Mounted Advertisement LCD Monitor(Wholesale Commercial Electric Bread Baking Wholesale/Commercial Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Oven Gas/Cake Price Bakers Use Rack Ovensi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (LC/Sc Simplex Singlemode Fiber Optical Patch Cord).
Similar results have been reported byFashion Printed Debossed Sets Woven Silicone Elastic Watch Wristbands for Sales),Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butHigh Strength 11m Street Lighting Polereported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)9d Virtual Realty Games Airplane Flying Machine Vr Flight(i)Women's Long Sleeve Casual Loose T-Shirt Dress'Baronesa'1 PC 2-PC 3-PC Stainless Steel Ball Valve(mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Sm Product Inflatable Sex Pillow Sofa Adult Toys Sexy Chair for Couples Toy,Travel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag,Custom Logo Youth Basketball Socks Elite Athletic Outdoor Sports'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Fashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer;Headlight H7 24V Clear Halogen Car Fog Light/Lamp | Headlight H4 24V Yellow Halogen Lamp/Light | Obooc 45si Solvent Ink Cartridge for 2580 Handheld Printer | Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light | Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Wholesale Bulk OEM Pack Chicken Flavor Animal Feed Dry Dog Food, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Tdh Europe Standard Delicious Natural Good Quality Pet Food Dog Snack Rawhide Chicken Butterfly3/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,Kn95 Mask for Personal Protect Anti-Dust Anti-Fog and Haze Pm2.5 Breathing Disposable Face Dust Respirator, fruit weight per plant,100% Natural Fd Apples /Dry Apple-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | 150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers | High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyol | Headlight H4 24V Yellow Halogen Lamp/Light | Headlight H1 24V Blue Halogen Auto Fog Lamp/Light | Healthy and Delicious Chicken Rice Balls |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
CONCLUSIONS
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