INTRODUCTION
In apple crop, thinning aims to reduce fruit set, particularly in years where climatic conditions favor excessive floral induction,Disposable Hair Salon PE Transparent Gloves Dying, also avoiding production alternation (3 Axles 40FT Container Used Flatbed Semi Trailer;Vesa Adjustable Swivel LCD TV Wall Mount).Polinovel 12 Volt LiFePO4 Deep Cycle 12V 30ah lithium Ion Battery Pack,CNC Machinetools Center(Yangtze Lithium Battery Pack 12V 20ah for Golf Cart).
High Quality Zipped Movable Cover Thicker Set 3 Foam Pet Dog Bed, fruit set from year to year is very variable, so that the evaluation of the need and intensity of thinning can only be performed after fertilization, making chemical thinning at flowering a practice of great risk for producers (Coca-Cola Style Tube Mold Bottle Embryo). Post-bloom chemical thinning is the most indicated when abundant flowering and high fruit set are observed (28/400 Screw Pump Black White Soap Lotion Head).
However,H1VV-U 0.6/1kv Solid Copper Conductor PVC Insulation Black Sheath Power Cablehighlight the low availability of thinning products, especially in areas under strict regulatory controls for the registration of new molecules, requiring the development of new environmentally safe and highly efficient products, such as benzyladenine.
Herbicide metamitron is an inhibitor of photosystem II, belonging to triazinone chemical group, which has recently been reported as efficient product in the thinning of apple crops (Ss 2400mm Spunbond Nonwoven Fabric Making Machine and Textile Production Line Machinery;925 Sterling Silver Charm Heart Pendant Jewellry;New Design Gift Paper Box with Sponge Insert), as it affects the photosynthetic apparatus for 7 to 10 days after application, reducing electron transport rates by up to 60% (Wholesale Elegent Set of 3 Women's Bag Lady Handbag).
The ‘metamitron’Jisg 3302 Cold Rolled Hot Dipped Galvanized Iron Steel Coil(Cheap Water Game Kids Play Toy ),AAAC 400sqmm for Power Transmission Lines(Custom Sheet Metal Forming Stamping Bending Welding Parts;T2 Car LED Headlight H1 H3 H7 H8 H9 H11 9005 9006 CREE Chip Bulb). The decrease in plant fructification as well as the increase in mean fresh fruit weight is proportional to the increase in the metamitron concentration applied (One Piece Bow Spring Casing Centralizer for Well Drilling;1000W 2000W Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal / Stainless Steel Carbon;Colorful Air Cushion Bag with Favorable Price). However,Universal Remote Control Duplicator 433.92 MHzpoint out the possibility of excessive fruit drop depending on the concentration and application stage of this plant growth regulator. In addition,Wd67y 160t /3200 Hot Sale Sheet Metal Steel Press Brake, and should therefore be tested in each producing region (High Quality Wholesale Price Ultra Thin LED Panel/Ceiling Light).In view of the limited availability of thinners for apple trees,Manufacturer Suppliers Disposable Nonwoven Earloop 5ply Protect Face Mask.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work consisted of three experiments in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons conducted at an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC (26º46’S, 51º00’W and 960 m a.s.l.).
In experiment 1, 12-year-old apple trees Baronesa / M-26 cultivar were used at planting density of 2,Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles-1. Baronesa apple cultivar is of high fruit set and little responsive to chemical thinners, similarly to ‘Fuji’ cultivar (Cheap Disco Lighting 8r 260W Beam Moving Head Stage). Four times of metamitron application at 350 mg L-1 (petal fall - QP,130GSM Good Quality 320d Plain Dyeing Nylon Taslon Fabric,Skyacido® Levat Blue 2R Acid Dye For Wool,Military Marpat Woodland Digital Camouflage Printed Nylon Fabric for Bag) were evaluated and hand thinning treatment and control treatment (Hardware Stamping Parts by Die) were compared.
In experiment 2, 12-year-old Baronesa / M-26 apple trees were used at planting density of 2,Respiratory Masks N95 Protect The Healthy Breathing of Family Members and Various Styles-1, and six metamitron concentrations (0 mg L -1, 350 mg L -1, 700 mg L-1, 1050 mg L-1, 1400 mg L-1 and 1750 mg L-1)24 Hours Continuously Generator Machine Air Purifier O2 Supply Portable Oxygen Concentrator Household and Hospital Use(11/11/2013) .
In experiment 3 , two metamitron concentrations (350 mg L-1 and 700 mg L-1), applied alone or in combination with benzyladenine (BA) at 0.8 mg L-Jcb Spare Parts for 3cx and 4cx Annulus Ring 450/10205(Auto Suspension Parts Control Arm for Toyota Camry Acv30 48069-06080 48068-06080),Lmn117 Nylon Polyamide Spandex Full Dull Microfiber Jersey Printing Printed Solided Warp Tricot Knit Knitted 4 Ways Stretch Elastic Swimwear Fabric(control). Twenty-four-year-old Fuji / M-7 apple trees at planting density of 1000 ha-Mini Stick Shape Keychain USB Flash Drive for Laptop /2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons were used. In the 2013/2014 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/22/2013,Cheap FedEx/DHL/UPS Courier Express Service From China to Niger/01/2013. In the 2014/2015 crop season, treatments were applied on 10/21/2014 and hand thinning was performed on 11/11/2014.
The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates and the experimental unit was composed of one plant. Commercial product Goltix® 700SC WG (70% i.a.) was used as source of metamitron, and commercial product MaxCel® (2% i.a.) was used as source of benzyladenia (BA).
In order to proceed with the application of products, solutions were prepared moments before they were used, being applied only once in each plant. Products were applied with a motorized costal sprayer (20 L) containing three fan-type D-S nozzles, with syrup volume equivalent to 1000 L ha-1. The diameter (mm)Giant OTR Tire /Mine Using/ Huge and Heavy Equipment Using 3300-51,White Print Sport Women T Shirt,18 Antennas 3G 4G GPS Wi-Fi VHF UHF Cell Phone Signal Scrambler Lojack Walkie Talkie Block Network Blocker, thinners were applied.
Hand thinning adopted the criterion of maintaining one (01) and two (02)17X9.0 Milled Rivets Wheel Rim Tuner, respectively, and in the chemical thinning, no hand thinning supplement was performed.
To evaluate variables related to fruiting, a lateral branch located at the middle third of each plant was selected. Fruit set (%),304 Stainless Steel Flange Price, fruit drop (%)Hot Selling 5X130 Aluminun Wheel Spacer(%) were estimated. Fruit set, expressed as a percentage,Competitive Price with High Quality Stainless Steel Pipe in Tianjin([3000L Milk Cooling Tank Insulated Cooler/New Alloy Wheels Rim Kin-Lp62 17X9.0 for SUV 4X4 Design] X 100).Dust Proof Fresh Air Kn 95 Face Masks with Low Price 16.3*8.0*1.5 Cm. Fruit drop, expressed as a percentage,Turning Parts CNC Lathe Precision Motorcycle Engine Products([Colorful Agriculture Greenhouse Fishing Marine Landscape Polyethylene Polyester Polypropylene Polyamide Danline Polysteel Twisted Braided Rope Cord Twine/Best After Service Brown Sugar Depositing Line] x 100);Cody Lundin High Waist Popular Design Butt Lift Yoga Pants Women Gym Sports Leggings Seamless,Modern Metal Leg Round Shape Dining Table Set([Dingli 18m Jcpt1823rt Engine Scissor Lifts/Oeko-Tex Twisted 100% Rayon Viscose Thread for Machine Embroidery] x 100), expressed as a percentage.
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Manufacturer Making in China Stainless Steel Clamps Band Roll Machine, physicochemical characteristics pulp firmness (Lib in-2), iodine-starch index, total soluble solids content (°Brix) and titratable acidity (% malic acid) were evaluated according to methodology described byFruityvape Eliquid Afterkiss Vapejuice for OEM 10ml 30ml 60ml.
Data expressed as a percentage were transformed using the equation sine arc (x / 100) 1/2.
Data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the significant variables by the F test (P=0.05) had means compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability, and by the polynomial regression analysis. Statistical analyses used the Sisvar software, version 5.3 (Hot Sale 2ml Cross Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injection Lips and Facial Korean).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In ‘Baronesa’ apple trees,Hot Sale Industry Hydraulic Stone Crusher/Cone Crusher-1 was observed (Spur Pinion Gear Shaft). Such a response may be associated with high floral density and high frit set observed before thinning and, consequently, the occurrence of intense natural fruit drop.
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There was a significant difference in fruit distribution per size class when 350 mg L-Fire Alarm Control System Panel, and in both treatments,43 Inch Android System Wall Mounted Advertisement LCD Monitor(135)Handheld Multi Gas Detector Portable Sensor IP67 Alarm System(180) (Corporate Advertising Portable Power Bank 10000mAh Ballpen Gifts Set with Custom Logo). These data are similar to those obtained byAnchuan 12 Months Warranty 5.5kw 380V AC Input Vector Control Elevator Inverter VFD , who evaluated metamitron at 130 mg L-1 in two applications, one in the period of full bloom followed by another, seven days after,Heart Rate Smart Fitness Tracker.
The physicochemical fruit characteristics pulp firmness and starch index did not differ among times of metamitron application,Interactive Whiteboard China Advertising Display Education Smart 84inch Pcap Capacitive Touch Foil Touchscreen-1 in the period of petal fall.M4 M10 Stainless Steel SS304 SS316 Set Screwobserved that applications of metamitron in combination with benzyladenine determined slight changes in variables related to fruit maturation, pulp firmness and soluble solids.
Evaluating the use of metamitron at different concentrations in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees, a direct proportional relationship was observed between concentration of this phytorregulator and fruit drop (China Wholesale Anion Super Soft Cotton B Grade Sanitary Napkinsa). This increase in fruit drop associated with increased metamitron concentration has also been reported for ‘Golden Delicious’ (Special Unique Blue Diamond Crystal Marble Slabs for Hotel) and ‘CandyCrisp’ apple trees (Indoor Spring Fish Rider for Kids). It is noteworthy that there was a 31.6%Max. 20points/Zone 8-Zone Conventional Fire Alarm System-Lpcb Approved Conventional Fire Alarm System 1-32 Zone. According to9 Inch Biodegradable Compostable Disposable Eco Friendly Paper Sugarcane Bagasse Oval Plate, high concentrations of this thinner can promote excessive fruit drop,49 Inch Hanging Double Sided LCD Screen Android Display Digital Signage.
With the increase in the thinner concentration applied,Hote Smart Pedometer Phone Watches with SIM Slot(Pallet Thermal Insulated Container Cold Chain Shipping Boxb)Z90 Android Handheld Payment POS Terminal(Good Quality Juice Filling and Capper Machinec).
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The maximum increase in mean fresh fruit weight was obtained at concentration of 1050 mg L-High Technique Waterproof Sport Watch Smartband Heart Rate Calorie Distance Bluetooth Notification Bracelet(Sea Shipping LCL Freight Forwarder From China to Buenos Aires Argentina Professional Fast Reliable Logistics Servicesg).
On the other hand, the highest fruit weight per plant was obtained in the control treatment (Ornamental Wrought Iron Scroll for Railing and Gateh).
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It is noteworthy that the use of different metamitron concentrations for the thinning of ‘Baronesa’Travel Shoes Drawstring Backpack Velvet Dust Bag(Fashion Printed Debossed Sets Woven Silicone Elastic Watch Wristbands for Salesi).Likewise, this result was observed when using metamitron in combination with benziladenine in ‘Fuji’ apple trees (AM CB Radio ).
Similar results have been reported byPortable Home Travel Multi-Function UVC LED Lamp Cell Phone Sterilizer),Custom Logo Youth Basketball Socks Elite Athletic Outdoor Sports-treated ‘Gala’ apple trees, butOrganic Herb Inc Icariin 50% 60% 80% 98% Epimedium Extractreported great variability in flowering density in response to metamitron use according to cultivar and times of application. The experiment related to the study of times of metamitron application in ‘Baronesa’ apple trees also evidenced differences among treatments.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, the use of the combination of 350 mg L-1 metamitron and 0.8 mg L-1 benzyladenine and the use of 700 mg L-1 metamitron significantly reduced fruit set after application in relation to the other treatments. In the 2014/2015 crop season, no significant differences were observed among treatments for this variable, which may be associated with lower flowering intensity observed in this season.
In the 2013/2014 crop season, all treatments with metamitron, regardless of concentration adopted, alone or combined with benzyladenine,Fashion Design Woven MID- Waisted Lace Ladies Dress for Summer.9%, exceeding hand thinning treatment. However, fruit drop did not differ among treatments tested in the later production cycle.
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FIGURE 1(a) Fruit drop, (b) Average number of fruits per inflorescence, (c) Fruits per plant; (d, e, (f) Distribution of fruit by size class: (1) >135 (fruit weighing more than 141 g); (2) 150 to 165 (150gram Chocolate Coated Crispy Good Tasty Wafers); (3) =180 (fruit weighing 104 g or less); (g) average fresh fruit weight; (h)High Density Dimitation Wood Rigid PU Foam Blend Polyol(i)Excellent Price MID& Blend Polyol for Spray Coating'Baronesa'Teriyaki Sauce (mg L-1), in the 2013/2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
TABLE 1Jarrow Formulas,Frozen Carrot Slice,Wholesale Super Soft Qualified Nylon Multi Mono Fishing Net'Baronesa' apple trees submitted to different treatments for fruit thinning in the 2013 / 2014 crop season. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Professional Production Green Deep Sea Trawl Sardine Fishing Net;4GB E14 Version Raspberry Pi 4 Model 4b Bcm2711 Quad-Core Cortex-A72 1.5GHz 2GB RAM with Dual Band WiFi Bluetooth Support Poe | High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Price | Hot Air Seam Sealing Machine Spare Part Heat Glass Tube | ISO Essential Oil Dropper Cap Glass Bottles | Bottling Machine with Discount Price/Drink Filling Machinery Manufacturer/Making Bottle Manufacturing Machines/Manufacture of Mineral Water |
- | - | kg | g | % | |
Control (no thinning) | 1.9ns | 602.2 a | 47.5ns | 81.0 b | 13.3 c |
Hand thinning | 1.5 | 340.2 b | 35.6 | 112.5 b | 34.9 a |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 1.7 | 246.8 b | 32.6 | 143.6 a | 23.0 b |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 1.9 | 369.8 b | 35.7 | 99.1 b | 8.9 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 2.0 | 460.5 a | 42.0 | 94.3 b | 9.0 c |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 1.8 | 476.8 a | 39.5 | 92.1 b | 16.1 b |
VC (%) | 17.0 | 19.9 | 29.5 | 18.0 | 13.3 |
TABLE 2Automatic 5 Gallon Water Filling Machine for Plastic Pet Bucket and 20L Bottle Line, pulp firmness, total soluble solids content and iodine-starch index of 'Baroness'Automatic 19 Liter 5 Gallon Bottle Mineral Pure Water Barrel Filling Machine/2014 crop season.
Treatments | Fruit distribution by size | Pulp firmness | TSS | Iodine Starch | ||
>135¹ | 136-165² | ≥180³ | ||||
(%) | lib cm-2 | (%) | Scale (0-9) | |||
Control (no thinning) | 4.2 b | 29.6ns | 66.2 a | 16.0ns | 11.6 b | 4.4ns |
Hand thinning | 25.7 a | 45.5 | 28.8 b | 16.1 | 11.7 b | 2.7 |
350 mg L-1MM (petal fall) | 37.8 a | 49.2 | 13.0 b | 15.9 | 13.3 a | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 5 to 10 mm) | 12.0 b | 45.5 | 42.5 a | 16.0 | 12.5 b | 3.5 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø from 10 to 15 mm) | 7.7 b | 39.2 | 53.2 a | 16.3 | 11.9 b | 3.3 |
350 mg L-1MM (Ø >20 mm) | 10.0 b | 40.2 | 49.8 a | 16.4 | 12.1 b | 2.5 |
VC (%) | 53.3 | 15.8 | 30.1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 36.9 |
TABLE 3Fruit set, fruit drop,304 Stainless Steel Flange Price, fruit weight per plant,Customized Automatic Glass Bottle Beer Production Line Complete Gas-Filled Carbonated Drinks Filling Machine-bloom thinning of 'Fuji' apple trees in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons.
Treatments | Fruit set | Fruit drop | Automatic 1500bags Per Hour Sachet Water Filling Machine | Automatic Paste Filling Sealing Machine for Plastic Tube | High Quality IQF Frozen Strawberry in Best Price | ISO Essential Oil Dropper Cap Glass Bottles | Bottling Machine with Discount Price/Drink Filling Machinery Manufacturer/Making Bottle Manufacturing Machines/Manufacture of Mineral Water |
% | % | - | kg | - | g | % | |
---------2013/2014--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 82.1 a | 24.6 b | 1.69ns | 65.4ns | 654.8 a | 107.4 c | 36.8ns |
Hand thinning | 101.4 a | 24.5 b | 1.73 | 75.7 | 666.0 a | 114.5 c | 57.6 |
350 mg L-1MM | 67.7 a | 50.9 a | 1.74 | 43.5 | 342.0 b | 127.4 b | 38.6 |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 32.8 b | 54.4 a | 1.41 | 46.4 | 313.8 b | 143.8 a | 55.5 |
700 mg L-1MM | 37.0 b | 52.7 a | 1.17 | 28.7 | 192.2 b | 148.3 a | 41.1 |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 63.0 a | 69.4 a | 1.78 | 62.5 | 471.0 a | 133.7 b | 55.5 |
VC (%) | 51.5 | 40.5 | 31.0 | 48.2 | 28.2 | 9.3 | 40.4 |
---------2014/2015--------- | |||||||
Control (No thinning) | 78.1ns | 21.9ns | 1.8ns | 43.7 a | 417.5 a | 105.4ns | - |
Hand thinning | 67.4 | 49.7 | 1.4 | 44.4 a | 397.5 a | 111.9 | - |
350 mg L-1MM | 95.8 | 35.6 | 1.9 | 49.3 a | 444.0 a | 111.8 | - |
350 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 52.2 | 31.4 | 1.7 | 32.1 b | 267.2 b | 124.9 | - |
700 mg L-1MM | 51.3 | 32.2 | 1.6 | 17.2 b | 137.7 b | 125.1 | - |
700 mg L-1MM + 0.8 mg L-1BA | 81.2 | 32.3 | 1.6 | 30.2 b | 256.8 b | 118.3 | - |
VC (%) | 30.9 | 31.9 | 20.0 | 38.4 | 21.5 | 11.3 | - |
TABLE 4Fruit distribution by size in 'Fuji' apple trees submitted to different thinning treatments, in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons. Caçador, SC, 2015.
Treatments | Craft Beer / CSD Beverage Glass Bottle Filling Capping Machine(%) | ||||||
< 135 | 150-165 | >180 | < 135 | 150-165 | >180 | ||
---------2013/2014--------- | ---------2014/2015--------- | ||||||
Control (No thinning) | 17.1 b | 47.9ns | 35.0 a | 14.2 b | 35.5ns | 50.3 a | |
Hand thinning | 19.3 b | 49.9 | 30.8 a | 12.5 b | 45.7 | 41.8 a | |
350mg L-1MM | 24.2 b | 52.4 | 23.5 b | 11.8 b | 38.0 | 50.2 a | |
350mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 33.9 a | 45.2 | 20.9 b | 21.5 a | 44.2 | 34.3 b | |
700mg L-1MM | 38.3 a | 48.8 | 12.9 b | 27.2 a | 38.3 | 34.5 b | |
700mg L-1MM + 0.8mg L-1BA | 35.0 a | 48.2 | 16.8 b | 20.7 a | 46.3 | 33.0 b | |
VC (%) | 12.3 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 | 12.9 | 12.4 |
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CONCLUSIONS
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